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This chapter documents the backend for the M68k and Coldfire processor families.
This backend provides the following additional options:
Generate code for cpu n (e.g. -cpu=68020), default: 68000.
Generate code for fpu n (e.g. -fpu=68881), default: 0.
Use small data model (see below).
Use small code model (see below).
Insert code for profiling.
By default constant data will be placed in the code section (and therefore is accessable with faster pc-relative addressing modes). Using this option it will be placed in the data section.
This could e.g. be useful if you want to use small data and small code, but your code gets too big with all the constant data.
Note that on operating systems with memory protection this option will disable write-protection of constant data.
By default automatic variables are addressed through a7 instead of a5. This generates slightly better code, because the function entry and exit overhead is reduced and a5 can be used as register variable etc.
However this may be a bit confusing when debugging and you
can force vbcc to use a5 as a fixed framepointer.
Do not perform peephole-optimizations.
By default arguments of function calls are not always popped
from the stack immediately after the call, so that the
arguments of several calls may be popped at once.
With this option vbcc can be forced to pop them after every
function call.
This may simplify debugging and reduce the
stack size needed by the compiled program.
Create output suitable for the GNU assembler.
Do not return floats and doubles in floating-point registers even if code for an fpu is generated.
Do not use multiple registers to return types that do not fit into a single register. This is mainly for backwards compatibility with certain libraries.
When creating debug-output (‘-g’ option) create Amiga debug hunks rather than DWARF2. Does not work with ‘-gas’.
When generating code for FPU do quick&dirty conversions from floating-point to integer. The code may be somewhat faster but will not correctly round to zero. Only use it if you know what you are doing.
Use real common symbols instead of bss symbols for non-initialized external variables.
The current version generates assembler output for use with the
vasmm68k_mot. Most peephole optimizations are done by the
assembler so vbcc only does some that the assembler cannot make.
The generated executables will probably only work with OS2.0 or higher.
With ‘-gas’ assembler output suitable for the GNU assembler is generated
(the version must understand the Motorola syntax - some old ones do not).
The output is only slightly modified from the vasm-output and will
therefore result in worse code on gas.
The register names provided by this backend are:
a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7
d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7
fp0, fp1, fp2, fp3, fp4, fp5, fp6, fp7
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The registers a0 - a7 are supported to hold pointer
types. d0 - d7 can be used for integers types
excluding long long, pointers and float if no
FPU code is generated. fp0 - fp7 can be used for
all floating point types if FPU code is generated.
Additionally the following register pairs can be used for
long long:
d0/d1, d2/d3, d4/d5, d6/d7 |
The registers d0, d1, a0, a1, fp0 and fp1 are used as scratch registers
(i.e. they can be destroyed in function calls), all other registers are
preserved.
By default, all function arguments are passed on the stack.
All scalar types up to 4 bytes are returned in register d0,
long long is returned in d0/d1.
If compiled for FPU, floating point values are returned in
fp0 unless ‘-no-fpreturn’ is specified.
Types which are 8, 12 or 16 bytes large will be returned in several
registers (d0/d1/a0/a1) unless ‘-no-mreg-return’ is specified.
All other types are returned by passing the function the address
of the result as a hidden argument - such a function must not be called
without a proper declaration in scope.
Objects which have been compiled with different settings must not be linked together.
a7 is used as stack pointer. If ‘-sd’ is used,
a4 will be used as small data pointer. If
‘-use-framepointer’ is used, a5 will be used as
frame pointer. All other registers will be used by the
register allocator and can be used for register parameters.
The size of the stack frame is limited to 32KB for early members of the 68000 family prior to 68020.
The basic data types are represented like:
type size in bits alignment in bytes
char 8 1
short 16 2
int 32 2
long 32 2
long long 64 2
all pointers 32 2
float(fpu) 32 2 see below
double(fpu) 64 2 see below
long double(fpu) 64 2 see below
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vbcc can access static data in two ways. By default all such data will
be accessed with full 32bit addresses (large data model).
However there is a second way. You can set up an address register
(a4)
to point into the data segment and then address data with a 16bit
offset through this register.
The advantages of the small data model are that the program will usually be smaller (because the 16bit offsets use less space and no relocation information is needed) and faster.
The disadvantages are that one address register cannot be used by the compiler and that it can only be used if all static data occupies less than 64kb. Also object modules and libraries that have been compiled with different data models must not be mixed (it is possible to call functions compiled with large data model from object files compiled with small data model, but not vice versa and only functions can be called that way - other data cannot be accessed).
If small data is used with functions which are called from
functions which have not been compiled with vbcc or without the small data
model then those functions must be declared with the __saveds attribute
or call geta4() as the first statement (do not use
automatic initializations prior to the call to geta4).
Note that geta4() must not be called through a function pointer!
In the small code model calls to external functions (i.e. from libraries or other object files) are done with 16bit offsets through the program counter rather than with absolute 32bit addresses.
The advantage is slightly smaller and faster code. The disadvantages are that all the code (including library functions) must be small enough. Objects/libraries can be linked together if they have been compiled with different code models.
The values of ‘-cpu=n’ have those effects:
Code for the Coldfire family is generated.
Code for the 68k family is generated.
At the moment the values of -fpu=n have those effects:
Floating point calculations are done using the FPU.
Instructions that have to be emulated on these FPUs
will not be used; at the moment this only includes
the fintrz instruction in case of the 040.
Long multiply on CPUs <68020 uses inline routines. This may increase code size a bit, but it should be significantly faster, because function call overhead is not necessary. Long division and modulo is handled by calls to library functions. (Some operations involving constants (e.g. powers of two) are always implemented by more efficient inline code.)
If no FPU is specified floating point math is done using math libraries. 32bit IEEE format is used for float and 64bit IEEE for double and long double.
If floating point math is done with the FPU
floating point values are kept in registers and therefore may
have extended precision sometimes. This is not ANSI compliant but
will usually cause no harm. When floating point values are stored in
memory they use the same IEEE formats as without FPU.
Return values are passed in fp0.
Note that you must not link object files together if they were not
compiled with the same -fpu settings and that
a proper math library must be linked.
This backend offers the following variable attributes:
__savedsLoad the pointer to the small data segment at function-entry. Applicable only to functions.
__chipPlace variable in chip-memory. Only applicable on AmigaOS to variables with static storage-duration.
__farDo not place this variable in the small-data segment in small data mode. No effect in large data mode. Only applicable to variables with static storage-duration.
__nearCurrently ignored.
__interrupt This is used to declare interrupt-handlers. The
function using this attribute will save all registers
it destroys (including scratch-registers) and return
with rte rather than rts.
__amigainterruptUsed to write interrupt-handlers for AmigaOS. Stack-checking for a function with this attribute will be disabled and if a value is returned in d0, the condition codes will be set accordingly.
__section(<string-literal>)Places the variable/function in a section named according to the argument.
This backend defines the following macros:
__M68K____M680x0 (Depending on the settings of ‘-cpu’, e.g.
__M68020.)
__COLDFIRE(If a Coldfire CPU is selected.)
__M68881 (If ‘-fpu=68881’ is selected.)
__M68882 (If code for another FPU is selected;
‘-fpu=68040’ or ‘-fpu=68060’ will
set __M68882.)
__INTSIZE Is set to the size of the int type.
Either 16 (vbccm68ks) or 32 (vbccm68k).
If the ‘-stack-check’ option is used, every function-prologue will
call the function __stack_check with the stacksize needed by the
current function on the stack. This function has to consider its own
stacksize and must restore all registers.
If the compiler is able to calculate the maximum stack-size of a function including all callees, it will add a comment in the generated assembly-output (subject to change to labels).
A possible ‘<stdarg.h>’ could look like this:
typedef unsigned char *va_list; #define __va_align(type) (__alignof(type)>=4?__alignof(type):4) #define __va_do_align(vl,type) ((vl)=(char *)((((unsigned int)(vl))+__va_align(type)-1)/__va_align(type)*__va_align(type))) #define __va_mem(vl,type) (__va_do_align((vl),type),(vl)+=sizeof(type),((type*)(vl))[-1]) #define va_start(ap, lastarg) ((ap)=(va_list)(&lastarg+1)) #define va_arg(vl,type) __va_mem(vl,type) #define va_end(vl) ((vl)=0) #define va_copy(new,old) ((new)=(old)) #endif |
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